Physical Exam:
Vital Signs: 37.2, 72, 15 unlabored, 155/88, 99% RA
Ht 5 ft 10 inches Wt 260 lbs BMI 37.3
General: Alert, oriented, ambulatory, appears stated age.
Skin: warm, dry, normal cheddar, no petechiae, no ecchymoses, no rash.
HEENT: Head: NCAT; Eyes: PERRLA, EOMI, no scleral icterus; Ears: external ear, no tragus tenderness, TM gray, intact; Nose: mucous membranes are moist, no polyps. Mouth: mucous membranes, moist, no pharyngeal edema or edema
Neck/Lymph Nodes: Neck supple, trachea is midline, no masses. No lymphadenopathy.
Heart: Regular, normal S1 & S2
Lungs: Respirations are regular, easy, lungs are clear bilaterally, no wheezes.
Abdomen: No rashes or lesions noted, bowel sounds are positive, no tenderness, no rebound or guarding
Musculoskeletal/Extremities: there is no focal, midline, cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spine tenderness. There is bilateral paraspinal tenderness of the lumbar spine in the area of L3, extending towards the sacrum, which is not focal. Worsening pain with forward flexion of the spine. Right lower extremity straight leg raise is positive. Upper extremities with full, non-painful range of motion of the shoulders, elbows & wrist.
Lower extremities: Right hip pain with flexion to 90°, as well as internal and external rotation of the hip. Right knee with diffuse tenderness anteriorly without erythema or edema. There is crepitus noted with right knee range of motion. Right ankle is normal. Left hip without pain. Left knee does have mild tenderness with flexion as well as extension of the knee. No joint laxity is noted.
Neuro: A&O X’s3, CN II-XII intact, sensation is intact, +2 patellar reflexes bilaterally. Strength is 5/5 upper extremities and 4/5 of both lower extremities.
Based on the case information you were given, and this patients diagnosis of osteoarthritis answer the following eight (8) questions:
- A brief introduction of the disease process and the significance of the problem across the lifespan.
- Pathophysiology of the disease process.
- History and physical findings related to the disease.
- Discuss crepitus as it relates to osteoarthritis.
- Incidence and prevalence of disease
- Identify four risk factors that have predisposed this patient to osteoarthritis.
- Role of APRN and the use of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments specific to patient’s condition.
- Prognosis and long-term care considerations.
Review current evidence-based treatment guidelines related to research findings specific to the disease process. If you choose to use a resource in addition to your text you must use a peer-reviewed source that is current and published within the past 5 years. Information from this source must be cited per APA guidelines.
For each answer please use the topic of the question as a heading prior to answering, so that it is clear what question you are answering. Your paper should have a total of eight (8) headings as there are eight (8) questions noted above.
TEXT BOOK : –
Norris, T. (2019). Porth’s Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. 10th Ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN: 978-1-975101-15-2
Expert Answer and Explanation
Osteoarthritis Case Analysis
The Disease Process and Its Significance Across the Lifespan
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition linked to the degradation of joint structures (Mahmoudian et al., 2021). It is the most common form of arthritis and occurs more often in older adults. Usually, osteoarthritis patients report joint pain along with a few seconds of stiffness in the morning or after periods of inactivity. This results from the cartilage degeneration that cushions the ends of bones (Norris, 2019).
Although osteoarthritis can affect any joint, it is most commonly found in the hands, spine, knees, and hips. The symptoms of the disease occur slowly and worsen as time goes on. One of the main symptoms of the disease is pain in the joints because of joint injury during or after movement. Another symptom is joint stiffness after being inactive for a long time or awakened. Other symptoms include grating sensation, swelling of the affected joint, loss of flexibility, bone spurs, and tenderness (Mahmoudian et al., 2021).
The disease negatively impacts the life of the affected individual. People with the disease often have limited movement and lose independence to engage in activities such as bathing, walking, and going to work (Mahmoudian et al., 2021). The pain caused by the disease is also severe and can negatively impact the quality of life of a patient. The patient’s financial status can be impacted negatively, especially in the case of severe OA that needs surgery.