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Chlorinated hydrocarbons were synthesized as early as 1830. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were first synthesized in the early 1880s by Schmidt and Schultz (1881) and their commercial production began in 1929. Commercial PCB formulations were sold under a variety of trade names; for example, in the United States and Great Britain Aroclor was the most common…

What Are Organohalogens? It is axiomatic that human activities change the quality of the environment on a global scale, which can adversely affect life on earth. A prototypical example of such environmental damage and harmful biological effects is that caused by persistent human-made chemicals, particularly organohalogen compounds. Organohalogens are organic compounds that contain chlorine, bromine,…

The pathological hallmark of PD was considered to consist of intracellular eosinophilic inclusions called Lewy bodies. These occur inside neurons in the substantia nigra, presumably in dopamine (DA)-containing cells. Lewy bodies probably accumulate in neurons undergoing degeneration. The number of DA neurons in the substantia nigra progressively diminishes in PD. It is important to note…

Air pollutants are emitted and formed both outdoors and indoors, resulting in personal pollutant exposures that can greatly exceed levels measured by routine air measurements made at central-site ambient outdoor air monitoring stations. Pollutants can be usefully categorized into three classes: (1) pollutants primarily emitted into the outdoor environment, (2) pollutants primarily emitted into the…

Ovarian cancer is notorious for its late presentation. It has been called ‘the silent killer’ because the majority of women with ovarian cancer present very late, that is, they already have disseminated disease by the time they are first seen by a doctor. Diagnosis is often delayed because of the wide variety of symptoms experienced…

A large number of studies have examined the association between gallbladder disease and gallbladder removal and pancreatic cancer, but findings have been inconsistent. As nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an underlying pancreatic cancer can lead to the diagnosis of cholelithiasis and even to cholecystectomy prior to a pancreatic cancer diagnosis, studies that do not remove…

Mitochondrial disorders represent a diverse group of conditions with a primary defect in electron transport chain function. Although other conditions, such as amino acid and fatty acid oxidation defects, also occur in the mitochondria, they are not traditionally considered part of the mitochondrial disorders. Many of the mitochondrial myopathies were originally characterized by acronyms based…

Social scientists distinguish between the narrative of science – the abstract ideal, or myth, of science as completely objective, solely rational, and innately progressive – and the instantiation of particular applications of technoscience: Moments that one can describe and analyze what really comes to pass in particular settings. Their research emphasizes the mediating role of…

The social study of science and technology (also called science studies) is an emerging interdisciplinary field of research and theory. Anthropologists, historians, and sociologists use a variety of concepts and methods to clarify our understanding of the ways developments in science and technology intersect with social relations. The term technoscience is used to capture the…

In general, diets high in red meat have been associated with increased CVD risk whereas higher intakes of fish and poultry have been associated with lower CVD risk (Hu et al., 2000; Fung et al., 2001; He et al., 2004a, 2004b). A report on 44 875 men aged 40–75 from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study…