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Immune suppression caused by lack of nutrients has been called nutritionally acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or NAIDS. Lack of zinc, of which only about 1 mg is needed every day to replace losses, leads to virtual disappearance of the thymus, a key immunological organ. Thus micronutrient deficiencies often increase risk and severity of infectious diseases. Since…

In the United States, as in most other countries, the prevalence of adult overweight/obesity has risen steadily in recent decades, chiefly due to marked increases in obesity. Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, the age-adjusted prevalence of overweight among adults ages 20–74 years increased from 47.4% in 1976–80 to 66.0%…

The possibility of confounding, which is especially likely to occur in observational studies, usually needs to be considered when trying to interpret associations between exposures and diseases. A confounding variable is a variable that (a) alters the risk of the disease or condition under study independent of the exposure or characteristic of primary interest, and…

Most of the studies of work-related fatal injury are essentially cohort studies of the population of interest, with the population being all working persons or subgroups of the population identified by characteristics such as occupation, industry, age, or sex. However, other approaches have been used (e.g., case-control studies, capture-recapture studies, and proportional mortality studies) or…

Many injury causes that are common in the workplace are also common in other environments. Transportation events, violence, falls, and being struck by objects are examples of injury causes that are common in multiple settings. Others are more common to the workplace, such as machinery, electrocutions, and explosions. Strategies for reducing and preventing injuries in…

To devise methods of reducing the burden of illness and injury arising from employment and the work environment, it is essential to analyze patterns of disease outcomes in ways that reflect the mechanisms by which the injury or illness may have occurred. The three most useful broad categories are industry classification, occupational group, and health…

In this section we provide a brief overview of the extent of occupational illness and injury. Much of our focus is on the United States, where conditions and production processes are comparable to those in developed industrialized nations worldwide. Both the nature of work, the distribution of jobs in various workplaces, the extent of exposure,…

Some potentially malignant (precancerous) clinical lesions that can progress to OSCC include especially: Erythroplasia (erythroplakia): The most likely lesion to progress to severe dysplasia or carcinoma. Erythroplastic lesions are velvety red plaques, which in at least 85% of cases show frank malignancy or severe dysplasia. Carcinomas are seen 17 times more frequently in erythroplakia than…

PCBs entered the air, water, and soil during the manufacture and use in a variety of applications. PCB wastes are placed in landfills. PCBs also entered the environment from accidental spills and leaks during the transport of PCB-containing materials. Once in the environment, PCBs do not readily break down and therefore remain there for a…