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–       Lymph is the fluid –       Lymphatics nodes –       Structures & organs Functions: –       Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream. –       Transport fats from the digestive tract to the bloodstream. –       Surveillance & defense. Lymphatics: Originate as lymph capillaries Capillaries unite to form larger vessels –       Resemble veins in structure –       Connect to lymph nodes at various intervals Lymphatics ultimately deliver lymph into…

Integumentary System  “covering” Composed of: Cutaneous membrane: –       Epidermis – superficial epithelium –       Dermis – underlying “cutaneous tissue” with blood supply Accessory structures: –       Hair –       Nails –       Exocrine glands Functions: Protect underlying tissues from infection, exposure and dehydration. Excrete salts, water, and organic waste. Maintain normal body temp (conserve and radiate heat). Synthesize Vitamin D3 for calcium metabolism. Store nutrients (fat).…

  A barium swallow is a test that shows the inside of your food pipe (esophagus). Doctors can use it to help diagnose oesophageal cancer. You drink white barium liquid, which shows up on x-rays. Your doctor (radiologist) or radiographer then takes x-rays while you swallow the liquid. This test can show any growth or…

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Digestive System A digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (gi tract). the alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity,…

S. No. Tumor Marker Cancer Type Tissue Analyzed Purpose 1. ALK gene Rearrangement Non-small cell Lung cancer: anaplastic Large cell lymphoma Tumor tissue To help determine treatment and prognosis 2. Alpha(AFPX0.64IU/L) Liver cancer: germ cell tumors Blood To help diagnose fetoprotein liver cancer and follow response to treatment: to assess stage, prognosis, and response to…

FIBEROPTIC COLONOSCOPY DEFINITION?  Colonoscopy is a procedure that enables an examiner to evaluate the inside of the colon (large intestine). The colonoscope is a four-foot-long, flexible tube about the thickness of a finger with a camera and a source of light at its tip. The tip of the colonoscope is inserted into the anus and…

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Definition? Upper GI endoscopy is a procedure in which a doctor uses an endoscope—a flexible tube with a camera to see the lining of your upper GI tract. A gastroenterologist, surgeon, or other trained health care professional performs the procedure, most often while you receive light sedation to help you relax. Another name is EGD or esophagogastroduodenoscopy.…

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DRUGS A-adrenoceptor antagonists (blockers)  EXAMPLES  Doxazosin, prazosin, tamsulosin, alfuzosin MECHANISM OF ACTION  Inhibits a1-adrenoceptors in arterioles, thereby reducing the tone of vascular smooth muscle and reducing total peripheral resistance. Inhibition of a1-adrenoceptors in periurethral prostatic stroma results in relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter and some relief of obstructive urinary symptoms in males.…