Category: study guides
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Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases
Obstructive lung disease (OLD) includes COPD and asthma. By 2020, OLD will be the third leading cause of death. Asthma Over 250 substances have been identified as causes of asthma, which is characterized by airway inflammation and is associated with intermittent spasm of the airway smooth muscle. Asthma can be work aggravated, an exacerbation of…
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Diseases Of The Respiratory Units Or Lung Parenchyma
Several widely prevalent respiratory toxicants cause fibrosis or scarring of the lung parenchyma – the internal tissue in the lung – or pleural disease, which is disease of the lung lining. Most cases are due to asbestos exposure, silica and coal dust exposure from working in coal mines, exposure to beryllium (causing chronic beryllium disease),…
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Classification Of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
The clinical expression of the skin lesions in LE shows a great variety; consequently, this has led to the practice of identifying different subsets of the disease. Although the clinical expression of skin lesions in LE shows a great variety, lesions frequently appear at the beginning of the disease. Historically, the disease was first recognized…
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Significance Of Photosensitivity In Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
It has long been known that aberrant reaction to sunlight is present in almost all patients with a cutaneous or systemic manifestation of LE. Therefore, photosensitivity is listed as one of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for the classification of SLE, although it is poorly defined as ‘‘a result of an unusual reaction…
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Regulatory T Cells And Chemokines For Lymphocyte Recruitment In Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
Naturally arising CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) represent a major lymphocyte population actively maintaining immunological tolerance to self and non-self-antigens. In the experimental mouse model of LE (NZB/ NZW F1), the frequency of Treg is lower than in control animals. Recently, a decreased number of peripheral Treg was also found in SLE patients and a significant correlation was…
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Altered Apoptosis And Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase In Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is characterized by several distinct morphological changes, such as cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, and nuclear condensation, in response to the activation of several factors and receptors specific for the apoptotic pathway. The biochemical hallmark of apoptotic cell death is the degradation of DNA into oligosome-sized…
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Significance Of Photosensitivity In Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
It has long been known that aberrant reaction to sunlight is present in almost all patients with a cutaneous or systemic manifestation of LE. Therefore, photosensitivity is listed as one of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for the classification of SLE, although it is poorly defined as ‘‘a result of an unusual reaction…
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Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus 1
In 1978, human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) was identified as the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). This retrovirus produces slow, progressive infection, is transmitted through blood and breast milk, and is known to precipitate immunosuppression. HTLV-1 is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean, and parts of central Africa; carriers have a cumulative lifetime…
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Male Reproductive Function Research Paper
Introduction Male reproductive function depends on the integrity of the organs of the male reproductive tract, most relevantly, the testis, epididymis, deferent duct, seminal vesicle, prostate, and penis, as well as the various parts of the central nervous system, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland. In contrast to female reproductive function, hormone and gamete production…
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The Political Economy Of The News Media
Scientists and public health practitioners blame the media system for being careless in presenting research findings and insensitive to its impact on the public. Journalists in turn accuse the medical community and its institutions of being obscure and uninterested in the public implications of their work. In fact, we know little of how much the…