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Expert Answer and Explanation
Kidney Transplant Issues
Causes of the Presented Symptoms
The patient experience the presented symptoms due to the following reasons. First, he experienced weight gain because he had a kidney problem. The function of healthy kidneys is to remove excess waste from the body in terms of fluid. Kalantar-Zadeh et al. (2017) note that people with kidney problems often gain weight because their kidneys are not healthy enough to excrete excess body fluid. In other words, the patient in the case gained weight because he has a lot of waste fluid on his body.
Second, poor working kidneys low amount of urine. Hence, the patient complained of decreased urine output because his kidneys are not healthy and poorly functional. Third, Kalantar-Zadeh et al. (2017) note that severe kidney problems can make one’s blood have impunities and toxins and make the individual feel weak, tired, and difficult to concentrate.
Severe kidney problem also causes anemia, which can lead to fatigue. Hence, the patient was experiencing fatigue because of impunity and toxins in his blood and anemia caused by his kidney problem. Severe kidney problems can cause a condition known as sepsis link, which can cause a high fever. The patient might be experiencing fever due to the sepsis link caused by his kidney failure.
Genes Linked to Development of Acute Kidney Transplant Rejection
Several genes are linked to the development of acute kidney transplant rejection. One of the genes is the human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor also known as IL-10. Li et al. (2018) note that IL-10 is generally known as an anti-inflammatory cytokine that is responsible for stopping inflammation after a person has undergone an allograft. However, the authors note that this gene is responsible for causing acute rejection in kidney transplants by preventing the maturation of antigen-presenting cells, cells responsible for developing immunity.
Another gene that is associated with acute kidney rejection is IL-10 polymorphism. Moudi et al. (2018) note that this gene can make one’s body reject newly introduced organs by preventing the secretion of IL-10, hence affecting the body’s immunity’s response to severe conditions. The gene is known to cause a difference in one’s immune system and trigger the body to fight introduced organs.
ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 1 is another gene linked to kidney transplant rejection. The gene is known for prompting many foreign substances including introduced organs out of the cells. It can also prompt the body to resist drugs prescribed to treat a patient after a kidney transplant (Dorr et al., 2018).
The Process of Immunosuppression and Its Effects on the Body Systems
Immunosuppression can be defined as a situation where the body’s capacity to neutralize diseases and infections is reduced. It can also be defined as the suppression of one’s immune system, hence affecting its ability to fight diseases and infections (Arshad et al., 2017). It is often induced with medications, especially when one is being prepared for an organ transplant or bone marrow transplant. This process has many effects on the body systems.
One of the effects of this process is repeated infections. People with suppressed immunity often develop a situation where they can experience recurrent infections. The process can also lead to more severe infections or diseases that can lead to death (Saghazadeh & Rezaei, 2020). The process can also lead to prolonged infections that do not health faster and increase one’s risk of developing cancer problems.
References
Arshad, L., Jantan, I., Bukhari, S. N. A., & Haque, M. (2017). Immunosuppressive effects of natural α, β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds, and their analogs and derivatives, on immune cells: a review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00022
Dorr, C. R., Oetting, W. S., Jacobson, P. A., & Israni, A. K. (2018). Genetics of acute rejection after kidney transplantation. Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation, 31(3), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.13084
Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Rhee, C. M., Chou, J., Ahmadi, S. F., Park, J., Chen, J. L., & Amin, A. N. (2017). The obesity paradox in kidney disease: how to reconcile it with obesity management. Kidney International Reports, 2(2), 271-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2017.01.009
Li, J., Tang, Y., Tang, P. M., Lv, J., Huang, X. R., Carlsson-Skwirut, C., … & Lan, H. Y. (2018). Blocking macrophage migration inhibitory factor protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Molecular Therapy, 26(10), 2523-2532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.014
Moudi, B., Heidari, Z., Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb, H., & Moudi, M. (2018). Analysis of interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy controls. Dental Research Journal, 15(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-3327.223614
Saghazadeh, A., & Rezaei, N. (2020). Towards treatment planning of COVID-19: Rationale and hypothesis for the use of multiple immunosuppressive agents: Anti-antibodies, immunoglobulins, and corticosteroids. International Immunopharmacology, 84, 106560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106560